![]() ![]() 1Įffect of Reynolds number on airfoil maximum sectional lift-to-drag ratio. Therefore, there is a need to systematically understand the performance of airfoils at these low Reynolds numbers and their sensitivities to geometric variations, such as camber and thickness. Consequently, aerodynamic bodies operating at low Reynolds numbers with conventional airfoils incur high power requirements because of excessive aerodynamic drag. Therefore, it is evident that simply trying to downsize these airfoils to low-Reynolds-number scales (below 10 5 ) drastically reduces their aerodynamic efficiency in terms of the lift-to-drag ratio. In previous studies, most researchers have generally focused on 10 5 10 6 ), their performance quickly deteriorates at a lower Reynolds number and a geometrically simple flat-plate outperforms the conventional airfoil. ![]() Therefore, caution must be exercised when using geometrically scaled airfoils from full-scale to small-scale regimes as they might not provide the best possible aerodynamic performance. Consequently, boundary-layer physics such as flow separation, re-attachment zones, and the amount of laminar/turbulent flow on the airfoil varies. Low-Reynolds-number flows are characterized by the increasing importance of viscous forces within the fluid compared with inertial forces. With respect to the Mars mission, the low atmospheric density and temperature on Mars result in low-Reynolds-number aerodynamics playing a vital role in aerial vehicle design. Recent interest has also been generated for Mars exploration UAVs as a fast and mobile alternative to ground-based rovers.Ī common theme across these vehicles is the small geometric scales the rotating wings, that is, rotors, are required to operate, which effectively results in very-low-Reynolds-number ( R e ) flow around the blades. These vehicles could be used to investigate dull, dirty, and dangerous environments, such as reconnaissance, into hostile territory or scouting missions where the risk of endangering human life is high: environments that are challenging for conventional aircraft and large-scale unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Further motivation behind developing these vehicles is driven largely by potential military and civilian applications, with possible extension into research and commercial sections. R ecent technological advances in compact electronics and power storage, combined with the growing need for situational awareness in urban military combat scenarios, have provided the impetus for current micro air vehicle (MAV) interests. Flat plate performance is generally invariant to the Reynolds number, but performance improves as thickness is decreased for a given Reynolds number. Below the Reynolds number of 10 5, cambered plate airfoils are shown to have better lift and drag characteristics than thick conventional airfoils with rounded-leading edges. In general, it is observed that below the Reynolds number of 10 6, lift and drag characteristics for most airfoils cannot be assumed to be constant with the Reynolds number. Airfoils were examined for lift and drag performance as well as surface pressure and flow field characteristics. The airfoils investigated in this study include NACA 0009, NACA 0012 (conventional and reversed configuration), Clark-Y, flat plate airfoils (1, 3, and 5% thickness), and thin cambered plates (3, 6, and 9% camber). The computational fluid dynamics tool used in this study is a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver with a Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and a correlation-based laminar–turbulent boundary-layer transition model. A computational study has been conducted on various airfoils to simulate flows at Reynolds numbers ( R e ) primarily between 10 4 and 10 5 to provide understanding and guidance for MAV and other low-Reynolds-number designs. ![]()
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